用胶带粘出石墨烯的那个故事里面,可怜的中国博士生是谁 - 小众知识

用胶带粘出石墨烯的那个故事里面,可怜的中国博士生是谁

2015-01-28 06:51:51 苏内容
  标签: 石墨烯/胶带
阅读:6848
当时,盖姆买了一大块高定向热解石墨,这是一种纯度非常高、通常用于分析的石墨材料。盖姆把它交给了他新来的一位中国博士生,并给了他一台非常高级的抛光机,希望他能制作出尽可能薄的薄膜。三个星期过后,这位博士生拿着一个培养皿告诉盖姆说做好了。盖姆用显微镜观察培养皿底部的石墨斑,发现那足有10微米厚,相当于1000层石墨烯的厚度。盖姆于是问他,能不能磨得再薄一些?他告诉盖姆,那还再需要一块石墨。要知道这种石墨每块大约要花300美元。盖姆承认自己当时的态度可能不太好,于是,那位中国博士生对盖姆说:“既然你这么聪明,那你就自己试试吧。”

盖姆只得自己做了,不过他采用了一种非常“土”的方法。因为石墨具有完整的层状解理特性,可以按层剥离。于是,盖姆用透明胶带在石墨上粘一下,这样就会有石墨层被粘在胶带上。盖姆把胶带对折后,粘一下再拉开,这样,胶带两端都沾有石墨层,石墨层又变薄了。如此反复多次,胶带上的石墨层薄到只有一个碳原子的厚度时,石墨层也就变成了石墨烯。
来自@达也下山 答案中对 Geim 访谈的原文(大概是上文第一段的内容):
Let me tell you a nice story: I had a new Chinese Ph.D. student. I bought a big piece of highly oriented pyralytic graphite, known as HOPG, and I asked him to make films as thin as possible. Initially I gave him a very fancy polishing machine. A piece of Lego was in place, see. Three weeks later, he comes back and says he’s succeeded. He shows me a Petri dish with a tiny speck of graphite at the bottom. I look in the microscope and see that it's about 10 microns thick—maybe 1,000 layers. I ask him, "Can you polish it a little bit more?" And he says he would need another piece of HOPG, which costs about $300. I must say that I was not very polite when explaining to him that you don't have to polish off a whole brick to get a grain of it. His equally polite reply was, "If you’re so clever, try to do it yourself."


首先,对于文中的这个中国博士生,我完全不了解。事实上对石墨烯的发现过程,我关注的点完全集中在了透明胶布上。甚至直到今天看了这个链接,才知道有这么回事。

我看到文章最后的心灵鸡汤“实际上,这位博士生输在了对待失败的态度上。”云云,首先就在想这是不是个段子啊。于是我搜了下出处,这个事情竟然真的是Geim口述的,出处来自对Geim的访谈:Andre K. Geim
Let me tell you a nice story: I had a new Chinese Ph.D. student. I bought a big piece of highly oriented pyralytic graphite, known as HOPG, and I asked him to make films as thin as possible. Initially I gave him a very fancy polishing machine. A piece of Lego was in place, see. Three weeks later, he comes back and says he’s succeeded. He shows me a Petri dish with a tiny speck of graphite at the bottom. I look in the microscope and see that it's about 10 microns thick—maybe 1,000 layers. I ask him, "Can you polish it a little bit more?" And he says he would need another piece of HOPG, which costs about $300. I must say that I was not very polite when explaining to him that you don't have to polish off a whole brick to get a grain of it. His equally polite reply was, "If you’re so clever, try to do it yourself."

不了解内情,但导师和学生之间的关系,外人哪能说得清。Geim说自己当时“not very polite”,自己描述的时候一般都会低调婉转些,实际情况肯定是比他自己描述的要惨烈。

Geim的描述中,强调给了学生一个超好的抛光机让他去做这件事情。作为学生,必然要照着老板的安排去做,老板给了你一个超好的仪器,你必然要围着这个超好的仪器转了。最后他做出的那个结果应该就是那个抛光机所能到达的极限了。老板让他再继续,他估计也只能承认技术上的困难了。不管如何,Geim自己亲自动手取得成功,也并不是通过抛光机,这说明就算那学生最后忍辱负重,用这个超好的抛光机,也不会成功。当然这其中的争吵赌气什么的,就不是外人能够了解的了。我甚至在想,要是那个中国博士乖乖地听Geim的,不和他吵,老老实实摆弄抛光机,也许诺贝尔奖就不是Geim的了。

我觉得像文章最后那样去煲心灵鸡汤是完全没有意义的。科研的发现中偶然性太大了。比如这篇文章28—石墨烯的故事(张远波) 提到了和Geim同期尝试制备石墨烯的一些工作。无论是使用化学方法,还是微加工,还是上面提到的抛光机,都是是实验工作者所能想到的常规手段。这些手段虽然技术门槛高,但是和摸清门道后,其产率、可控性都要远远甩开透明胶布方法几百条街。他们在胜利在望的时候(张远波他们当时制备出了30层的石墨,只需要再努力一段时间就能成功了),遇到不按常理出牌的Geim,他们找谁说理去?张远波提到:
但是就在差不多的同一个时间,英国Geim研究组石墨烯的工作突然出现在Science杂志上。也就是说他们赶在我们之前已经做出了单层的石墨烯。科学发现是讲求时效的,只有第一个做出发现的人才会被承认。看到他们的结果我跟Philip都很沮丧。尤其是Philip,他已经快到了终身教授评定(tenure review)的时间,有很大的压力。但他反过来安慰我说,不管怎么样我应该都是可以毕业的。
可怜不可怜?不是他们无能,而是Geim太狡猾啊。

所以呢,在石墨烯这件事情上,可怜人太多了,不只中国博士生一个。拿这个事情来煲心灵鸡汤,没有意义。为什么Geim能想到用透明胶布并且成功了,而他的中国博士生想不到,世界上其他物理、化学、材料学家想不到?

这TM就是命啊!


图片来自 Nobel Lecture by Andre Geim 

补充个材料吧。
Andre K. Geim 2010年的诺奖演讲。
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/geim_lecture.pdf
(第79页的Legend of Scotch Tape 一节)
里边只提到了一位中国研究生,Da Jiang 姜达。
姜达 ---中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所
而另一位中国研究生Yuan Zhang 是后来才加入的。(第82页)

不过Legend of Scotch Tape 第一段有一处与 @达也下山 给出的Geim 2008年的采访有些不同。
Too thick, I thought and suggested trying a finer polishing liquid. However, it turned out that Da had polished away the whole tablet to obtain this one speck. It was actually my fault: Da successfully finished his PhD later, but at that time he was just a fresh foreign student with a huge language barrier. Moreover, by mistake I gave him high-density graphite instead of highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as was intended. The former does not shed as easily as HOPG.
采访在前(2008),演讲在后(2010),而且是诺奖的演讲,应该更可靠些。
显然事情大体是真的。Geim 也在领诺奖的时候向世界吐槽了中国学生糟糕的语言表达(应该就是采访中的那样)。不过给错了石墨材料可能是Geim 08年后才发现的。
中国研究生抛光的失败,某种程度上是促成了Geim 采用新方法。不过因为材料的错误,中国研究生在科研上的知识与技能无可厚非(Geim 也认可了他的PhD水平),毕竟Geim 这个方法也属于神来之笔。
反倒是中国学生的英语能力与交际能力值得大家关注。
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